Fair Use

Fair use
Fair Use - the tradition that individuals may make use of copyrighted works for a range of purposes that are legal — has been on the ropes lately, under assault by forces that maintain there is no such thing as a fair use "right."

Conversely, many people mistakenly believe fair use gives them broad, indiscriminate leeway to appropriate copyright holders’ works. Fair use does not mean you can take a video you found online and publish it to Free Speech TV Community — for the simple reason that you didn’t do anything to transform it and it’s not yours to share. But you may track down the creator and persuade him to publish the video on FSTV Community or to give you permission to do so.

Copyrights
A copyright protects original works of authorship fixed in a tangible medium of expression, such as published and unpublished written, visual, and audio works. Examples of copyrighted material may include music, films, television programs, and photographs. Copyright laws usually do not protect, among other things, ideas, procedures, discoveries, and works in the public domain (i.e., standard calendars). Be mindful, however, that many things commonly thought to be in the public domain are not, so you need to be very careful to do a little research before assuming that something is in the public domain. For example, just because someone posts something online does not mean that he or she is allowing anyone to use it for any purpose. A copyrighted work does not need to say that it is copyrighted, or have the copyright symbol © on it. The copyright owner has the right to copy or permit others to copy his or her material.

Copyright infringement occurs whenever someone uses rights reserved just for the copyright owner without proper permission from the owner. You could be guilty of infringement if you improperly use another’s copyrighted material, even if that use is unintentional.
If you live outside the U.S., be aware of the copyright laws governing your jurisdiction. Many countries have ratified international agreements and are members of organizations that seek to protect copyright owners.

Copyright 'Fair Use'
The "fair use" of another’s copyright material means that, depending on your particular situation, you can sometimes use a part of another’s copyrighted material in your own work without permission from the owner. You may fairly use another’s copyrighted material provided that your work essentially transforms the copyrighted material into something original and creative, such as a parody, satire, or political statement.

It is not automatically fair to use another’s copyrighted material for a noncommercial, educational, or private purpose, or to exercise your First Amendment rights. It is usually fair use to use just enough of another’s copyrighted material that is necessary to communicate your ideas. You can read what the U.S. Copyright Office has to say about copyright fair use by clicking on this link: http://www.copyright.gov/fls/fl102.html.
Examples of actions that may infringe others' copyrights include the following: attempting to make money from another's copyrighted material; completely duplicating another's copyrighted material; creating a new work comprised mostly of another’s copyrighted material; and paraphrasing another’s copyrighted material without permission and attribution.

Trademarks
A trademark is a distinctive sign that identifies particular goods or services as those made or supplied by a person or entity. The owner of a trademark possesses the license to use the mark. Examples of trademarks include the bulls-eye symbol for Target, and word marks like Xerox and Macintosh.

Trademark infringement occurs whenever someone uses rights reserved just for the trademark owner without the owner's permission. You could be guilty of infringement if you improperly use another’s trademark, even if that use is unintentional.

If you live outside the U.S., be aware of the trademark laws governing your jurisdiction. Many countries have ratified international agreements that seek to protect trademark owners.

Trademark 'Fair Use'
The "fair use" of another’s trademark means that, depending on your particular situation, you can sometimes use another's trademark in your own work without permission from the trademark owner. You may fairly use another's trademark inconspicuously in your own work to identify that product or service, while avoiding the risk of misattributing your work to the trademark owner. Fair use often permits "fair comment" of another’s trademark, such as comparing your product to another's in an advertisement. A work that incorporates another's trademark in a genuine parody or satire is often fair use, so long as it is not a disguised attempt to compete with another's products or services. You can read what the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office has to say about trademark fair use by clicking on this link:http://www.uspto.gov/

Examples of actions that may be infringement include altering another’s trademark or the product or service associated with it, or directly or indirectly making false claims about the trademark or product or service with that it is associated.

Additional resources
That ends Our fair use guidelines. If you have additional questions, the following pages may be of help:
Wikipedia on fair use
Wikipedia on copyright
Nolo law center: When Copying Is Okay: The "Fair Use" Rule
Stanford University Library: Summaries of Fair Use Cases
Creative Commons on remixing

This Fair Use Documentation is provided by Our Media.